Health Care Interview Paper Essay

There are many different professions that one can choose when entering the healthcare field. Nursing is a very popular and needed profession that is vital to care for patients. For this paper I have chosen to interview my younger cousin who currently works for the VA Hospital in Las Vegas, Nevada as a Registered Nurse in the Medical Surgical Unit. I will describe the targeted facility and unit she works for, the type of work done within her unit, any interesting, informative, or specific information related to the chosen unit which makes it unique, and a comprehensive description of my cousin, and her responsibilities. The facility that my cousin works at is The Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital. The purpose of this facility is to fulfill President Lincoln’s promise â€Å"To care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan† by serving and honoring the men and women who are America’s veterans. The particular unit she works for is the Medical Surgical Unit. Some of the types of work done in this unit is to consult and coordinate health care team members to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate patients, write up care plans, prepare and administer (orally, subcutaneously, through IV) prescribed medication and records, report adverse reactions to medication or treatments in accordance with the policy in regards to administration of medications by a licensed registered nurse, educate patients on surgical procedures, record patients’ medical information and vital signs, monitors and adjust any specialized equipment used on patients, monitors and adjusts specialized equipment used on patients, and interprets and records electronic displays. More tasks that are required of her in her unit are initiating corrective action whenever the patient displays adverse symptomatology, she also provides bedside care for a wide variety of medical patients including pre- and post-surgery patients, initiates patient education plan as prescribed by physician which may include teaching patients and significant others how to manage their illness/injury by explaining post-treatment home care needs such as: changes of dressings, insertion of catheters, and starting IVs. Other tasks include preparing equipment, aiding physician during examination and treatment of patient, and participation in discharge planning. All the tasks that she is required to accomplish on a daily basis require that she utilizes time management skills, attention to details, and accurately record all care information concisely and completely in an efficient manner. A very important trait that she must possess is to be adaptable, and have the ability to perform other du ties as assigned. Some interesting, informative, or specific information related to this department that makes it unique are that they cater to the veteran population and an age group that ranges from 50s-90s. She states that working for the VA Hospital she must understand what the veteran have gone through and understand where they are coming from. For instance, she needs to be sensitive to the facts that some of these veterans may suffer from post-traumatic syndrome disorder from war or other causes that may cause them extra stress or anxiety from being cared for in the Medical Surgical Unit. This requires that my cousin needs to not only have the professional skills that she learned in school, but also requires on sense of compassion that cannot being taught, but comes from within. A sense of empathy would also help in this field as it is allows for the nurse to not only care for the patient professionally, but also on a level that allows them to be cared for on a personal level which may help with the healing process as they may feel more important, and receiving better care rather than just being seen as another patient. When I was asked to find a healthcare individual to interview for my paper I chose my younger cousin because she is newer to the field, and would offer the most current description of her field without any bias that some nurses tend to have after working in the field for so long. She started her nursing career at the age of 23, and she does admit that she did have a hard time relating with her patients because of their ages and the types of experiences that some had to deal with. The transition she explains was hard because unlike her at age 23, these patients were sent off to war to protect their country. Many of them didn’t even have the privilege of having an education like she did. Another apparent difference was that her goals were to go to college and advance her career, and her patients’ goals were fighting for our country, and starting a family was insignificant. Now after being a nurse for a few years she was able to learn their point of views. For example, she explains that telling a veteran to be careful when getting up from the bed to go to the bathroom is embarrassing for them. These men have an idea in their head that they’re still that tough guy who can handle anything, and for someone young like her to tell them to be careful, makes them feel inferior and weak. This then becomes a really difficult communication barrier to overcome and it takes time, effort, and compassion to understand them. In my cousins own words, â€Å"It is still my job and my responsibility that these veterans are getting the appropriate care they deserve because that is who I’ve chosen to work for and what the department of veterans affairs stands for.† After my interview with my cousin, I have a new found respect for her, and Medical Surgical Nurses, and those who work with her to care for our Veterans. Not only does she have to handle the difficult, and stressful tasks that she is dealt with everyday, but she also must be able to handle the types of patients that she cares for. These patients have had to go through difficult situations that civilians would never have to endure. A civilian would never have to deal with coming back from a war, and possibly have seen many people die, or have that fear that they may die far from home. Having these types of stress that veterans deal with may make their mentality different from regular patients, and in turn cause difficulty for nurses that need to care for them. Therefore, a patient that is cared for with the compassion that my cousin offers as a nurse is very fortunate, and I know that she must feel as though she is making a difference in the lives of the patients she cares for. As I mentioned in the beginning that there are many fields to choose from in healthcare, but a nurse must be able to offer care both professionally and selflessly on levels that are beyond just caring for patient.

Interpersonal Relationship and Billy

English (Belonging) Blind Side Essay â€Å"Committing yourself is a way of finding out who you are. A man finds his identity by identifying. A man's identity is not best thought of as the way in which he is separated from his fellows but the way in which he is united with them. †- Robert Terwilliger. This idea is represented in the core text of The Simple Gift and related text of The Blind Side which further reveal that belonging is the understanding and acceptance of an individual which makes them feel included.It is through their relationships with people and places combined with their experiences that help transform their own ‘identity’. Steven Herrick’s novel The Simple Gift (SG) is a verse poem written from three various perspectives of Billy, Old Bill and Caitlin. The text was first published in 2000 and is set in contemporary Australia, in a fictional town of Bendarat. It follows the protagonist Billy and his longing to find his place in life to feel accepted, but it is not until the experiences of belonging with individuals is formed that his identity is shaped.The novel’s structure is non-linear as it involves flashbacks over the course of the story to reflect back on the character’s past. The novel’s first poem Champagne written from Billy’s perspective, expresses the catalyst behind Billy leaving home, this being his abusive father. Billy refers to his dad as an â€Å"old bastard† as he steals his â€Å"champagne and cigarettes†. Billy’s use of a negative tone clearly defines the anger towards his father and their non- existent relationship. The technique of irony is used throughout this poem as it is titled â€Å"champagne†.Champagne is usually symbolic of celebrating an occasion. This represents an idea that Billy is â€Å"celebrating† leaving home. Billy does not have a relationship with his father, therefore has no consecutiveness with the community in Longl ands Road. These reasons influence his decision to leave home in search of the new ‘Billy’. The Blind Side shows that when those around an individual are of a welcoming nature, close relationships can be formed. The 2009 film The Blind Side (TBS) written and directed by John Lee Hancock is a contemporary American film.The film has a circular structure which shows the transition of Michael Oher, an uneducated teenager with an impoverished upbringing, searching for a better life. The narrative device of his adoption by the wealthy Tuohy family is the catalyst for his initial sense of belonging. In a series of visual rather than dialogue driven scenes Leigh Anne Tuohy and her family give Michael experiences a diverse group of social circumstances which positively change his life as he becomes a star football player, accepted into the Mississippi University and metaphorically accepted in life.These experiences bring about Michael’s new identity. The opening sequence of TBS opens us to Michael’s old world as the flashback technique is used. The combination of frame shots exposes us to his hometown, and why he wants to leave this deprived, rundown area. The scene shows a sad, lost and depressed boy walking towards the camera with no direction. The use  © (2012) All Rights Reserved 1 of 2 For more info, go to www. hscintheholidays. com. au of a long shot shows Michael’s surroundings, as we connect to his life. It shows that Michael is an ‘outsider’.Through this sequence we also see a train travelling away from the town. This train is symbolic of Michael; moving and escaping his life, in an attempt for a new one. Both the poem Champagne and the opening scene of TBS show in a similar way both personas’ reasons for leaving their hometown. The lack of relationships both characters have with those around has a negative impact on who they are. This is the reason for them leaving. In comparison to Michael’s home town, Billy describes his area as â€Å"rundown and beat† on pg 4 of Longlands Road.Although we cannot see Billy’s hometown, we perceive that it would appear quite similar to Michael’s. The idea of not belonging is evident in each text at this stage as no close relationships have been formed which has a large impact on one’s identity. The poem The Hobo Hour on page 48 of SG is the start of Billy’s relationship with Old Bill. Old Bill is described by Billy as â€Å"an old man with long grey hair and a beard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he is seen as a stereotypical ‘hobo’. In the poem Herrick uses the symbol of hands for the idea of ‘giving’.Billy â€Å"hands across† the cigarettes stolen from his father and gives them to Old Bill despite not knowing him. This giving is seen as a simple gift. The line â€Å"burns brightly then fades to old smoke† is used by Herrick as it is a metaphor for Old Bill’s life. These simpl e acts of kindness show the developing relationship between Billy and Old Bill. This poem The Hobo Hour relates to the thanksgiving scene in TBS. The scene in TBS shows the Tuohy family eating their thanksgiving meal together.The film technique of a close-up is used to show Michael’s emotions over the shared meal as he shows a sign of happiness. Both texts are alike as they show that in giving a simple gift a close relationship can be formed. The final poem of SG is the ending of Billy’s search for belonging. The poem is from Billy’s perspective and titled The Hobo Sky. Throughout the poem, Herrick has used the technique of lists as Billy explains in detail exactly what he is doing, examples include: â€Å"I cleaned the bowls† †I watched until he was out of sight† â€Å"I looked up†.These quotes include the use of repetition of the word â€Å"I† which puts emphasis on Billy’s new identity as he clearly has a sense of self by the use of the â€Å"I† pronoun. The use of Herrick using the words â€Å"deep blue sky that Old Bill and I shared† suggests that Billy’s new life has been a shared experience with close relationships between various characters. In the scene where Michael begins university, you are able to see how the tight positioning of both the Tuohy’s and Michael is symbolic of their close relationships.When Leigh Anne is told â€Å"you’re changing that boy’s life† she replies by saying â€Å"no he’s changing mine†. Like Billy, all of Michael’s shared experiences have gotten him to where he is today. Both Billy and Michael have found a family. Each persona’s close and personal relationships have come from others experiences. Both The Simple Gift and The Blind Side show that close, personal relationships come from shared experiences and it is through this process that one’s sense of identity is formed, creating the deepest form of belonging.  © (2012) All Rights Reserved 2 of 2 For more info, go to www. hscintheholidays. com. au

Summary of ONE article for Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Summary of ONE article for Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example He also mentions the anti-immigration groups, residents on the border, and business owners who have resisted the bishops and any treatment that resembles â€Å"amnesty.† Kavanaugh’s piece tries to culminate with his argument that a nation that identifies itself as â€Å"Judeo-Christian and humane† should follow biblical teachings, higher law, and the courageous example of leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. in challenging unjust laws. Admitting that unrestrained immigration would help nobody, Kavanaugh exhorts the country to move constructively towards legal status to anyone who contributes to other people’s common good. He further suggests a radically new solution to this problem. He suggests that the country needs a citizen panel for the review of an immigrant’s legal status. He finally concludes by stating that turning away undocumented immigrants is an immoral act whose motive is self-interest

Creativity and innovation at greenpeace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creativity and innovation at greenpeace - Essay Example While implementing any sustainable strategy, an organization has to closely analyze its resources and capabilities such as culture, diversity, human capital, innovation and creativity, as if they are durable, transferable and replicable or not. Creativity and innovation among organizations usually occurs through development and implementation of new mechanisms in a non-traditional way. Any organizational environment constitutes a social and a cultural aspect called the field and the domain respectively. According to Csikszentmihalyi (1999), â€Å"creativity occurs when a person makes a change in a domain, a change that will be transmitted through time†. Creativity is essentially a two way process in which people must interact with the field and the domain to achieve certain level of novel variation. The person with specific set of talents and experiences transmits the body of knowledge in context of the cultural system (domain). The social system (field) then evaluates innovat ion and retains the selected creativeness in context of the domain. For instance, there are people in the field of modern art who decide whether the new paintings deserve to be purchased, collected and added to the domain or not. Amabile (1998) suggests that â€Å"within every individual, creativity is a function of three components: expertise, creative-thinking skills, and motivation† illustrated in figure 01. In any organization, however, managers are fully capable of influencing these components via workplace practices and conditions. The intellectual, procedural and technical knowledge comprises the expertise. The novel and unique ways in which people approach certain issues come under the creative-thinking skills component, and the inner spirit and devotion required for tackling or solving a particular issue forms the motivation component. Factors such as challenge, freedom, resources, work-group features, supervisory encouragement, and organizational support affect crea tivity and can be analyzed to enhance creativity in organizations. It is important to note here that some systemic practices are existent which may also kill creativity. Figure 01: The Three Components of Creativity. Source: (Amabile, 1998) According to West and Farr (1990), innovation is â€Å"the intentional introduction and application within a job, work team or organization of ideas, processes, products or procedures which are new to that job, work team or organization and which are designed to benefit the job, the work team or organization†. The process of innovation encompasses both the development of a concept and effective translation of that concept into practice. All organizations are capable of being innovative to certain extent depending on the sources of innovation and many of them consider creativity and innovation as part of their competitive strategies. If a change is beneficial, intentional and novel, it can be rightly regarded as innovation. Economic activit ies are mostly dependent on finite and limited set of natural resources present on earth. Overexploitation of these limited resources is continuously threatening the global economy, which at its core is embedded in the environment. Industries worldwide are depleting resources of the earth not taking into account the provision of relatively free ecosystem services. The changing patterns of resource scarcity have given rise to a new business model known as Natural Capitalism. According to Lovins et al. (1999), â€Å"

Analyze color developments in 17th-century Flemish and French Research Paper

Analyze color developments in 17th-century Flemish and French tapestry, focusing on Rubens, Jacob Jordaens, Simon Vouet and Mich - Research Paper Example There has been an extensive list of tapestries as well as tapestry workers with all the precisions and details that are required with regards to the subjects (Delmarcel, 1999). During the late 16th Century the Flemish painting was very much influenced by the Italian Renaissance. Most of the Flemish painters were influenced by this and thus there emerged the adoption of the Italian baroque in the French baroque in the 17th Century. The Flemish baroque flourished especially through the hands of great painters such as Rubens and Jacob Jordaens. Most of the tapestry which were mainly expressed the same way as paintings took the centre stage in this era. Tapestry is referred to as a type of work that involves coloured threads that are intertwined on lines that are stretched horizontally or vertically to form a substance, a web and also produce a combination of lines as well as tones that are similar to those derived from a painter with his brush. Woven tapestry is regarded as one of the b est forms of art expression that is known in the world. In the Middle Ages period tapestries were known to have a utilitarian function (Delmarcel, 1999). The main aim for their development was to be able to protect the medieval rooms against cold weather and damp, to insulate big rooms so that they could be comfortable quarters or to cover the austere walls of the big castles. Tapestry with regards to France is one of those traditions that have made a great contribution towards the beauty of the French heritage. In the 17th Century tapestry in France led to the formation of the Gobelins factory during the reign of King Louis the fourteenth. The factory which was based in Paris employed up to about 800 artisans who were majoring in the production of tapestries meant for the royal courts. Tapestry weaving has been established over the years among various cultures. The ancient Incas and the Egyptians buried the dead using tapestry woven clothing. The civic buildings of the Greeks had t heir walls covered in tapestry too. However, it is the French based medieval weaver who brought up the craft (Harris, 2005). The medieval weavers were able to extract their dyes from insects and plants within a range of close to twenty colours. For instance red colour originated from madder, pomegranates or poppies and blue was produced by woad. The medieval weaver based their work on sketches that they used from their imagination as well as humour. With regards to the Flemish and French tapestry the focus of this paper is going to analyse the colour development in the 17th Century with focus on Jacob Jordaens, Rubens, Michel Corneille as well as Simon Vouet. It is goes with no doubt that the history of past art was reliant on the use of colour. We are only left to imagine and picture the extraordinary concept that was adapted by the renaissance and mediaeval palaces and churches with the use of the tapestries and wall paintings (Harris, 2005). History of colour in the Flemish and F rench tapestry among other forms of art is partial due to the fact that a lot of the artwork and the colour in the art has survived or perished but only in a changed form. Colour in art is regarded to as an element of art which is produced when there is presence of a light striking on an object and then it is reflected back to the eyes. There are three aspects of colour that were used to describe the French tapestry which were designed in the 17th Centur

Homosexual in ancient China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homosexual in ancient China - Essay Example e biological men assumes the role of the female in their entire lives and could serve as partners of "male" men who on the other hand do not lose their status in society (Chinese Cultural Studies pp. 1-6 qtd in Britt Hinsch). The aspects of gender analysis views factors that pertains to sexual behavior that are commonly limited by social ethics. Homosexal behavior is mostly defined by how a particular culture actually perceives it (Chinese Cultural Studies, n.d.). Like in other countries, homosexuality or the relationship between men is common in China. Being a conservative country in many ways, Chinas Communist Party does not openly acknowledge the presence of gays in its population. Men to men relationships are considered a crime and those who engage in such intimate relationships are persecuted by the police under the anti-hooliganism laws (Aids and Homosexuality in China, 1997). the â€Å"lords and rulers of his time uses their relatives and â€Å"handsome men† as official,† paving the way for nepotism and favoritism. This practice generally leads to the mismanagement of the states affairs because the emperors, for their love and devotion to the said handsome men, do not listen to their wise counsels (Dr. Tan Chong Kee, 2007). In relation to this is the story of Mizi Xia which tells that if one gains the love of the ruler, his wisdom will be appreciated and the male concubine will enjoy numerous favors. However, if the rulers ardour has cooled, the male lovers wisdom or counsel will be rejected and he will be regarded as a criminal (Chinese Cultural Studies n.d.). Homosexuality in China was likewise prevalent during the Shang Dynasty (16th Century - 11th Century BC), where the term â€Å"Luan Feng† was used to portray homosexuality in the Shang Dynasty Historical Records. When the Han Dynasty (206BC – 220AD) came to power, majority of the Han emperors had â€Å"lovers of their same sex,† such events were noted down on historical records. There were ten

Titled Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Management Essay

Titled Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Management - Essay Example Thus, a portfolio may be defined as a combination of securities with varying risk and return characteristics which in turn contribute to the net worth of the investor. (Swisher, 2005) The topic of discussion in this paper is Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Theory, which may be defined as the concepts that revolve around educating an investor regarding the steps that must be taken in order to develop a portfolio that will speak of rational choices and optimisation of financial resources. Before going any further, it is imperative to point out that investement brings a certain degree of speculation, especially in today's economic scenario where there has been a boom in the information transmission trends due to an increase in the number of people from various quarters flocking towards investing in portfolios. This paper will endeavor to study modern portfolio theory (MPT), in terms of its various elements like Markowitz diversification, the efficient frontier as well as concepts like the Capital Asset Pricing Model, better known as CAPM. The tools used in the course of application of these concepts include the Capital Market Line and the Security Market Line apart from alpha and beta coefficients which help measure mean, variance, risk and returns of the portfolio as a whole. To begin with, the paper will introduce the Modern Portfolio Theory as propounded by Harry Markowitz in the early 1950s, before moving on towards defining the elements like beta, risk and return that are concerned with the various concepts of Modern Portfolio like diversification and Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM. (Swisher, 2005) The intorduction of the key elements before discussing and analysing the actual concepts has been carried out so as to ensure that there is full understanding of the tools that will be used in the study of the Modern Portfolio Theory. The paper will progress through a series of headings that are relevant to introduce new topics. These topics are linked with each other through the tools like beta, risk, return, mean and variance, among others. There will illustrations in terms of formulae and diagrams for all sections of the paper. Markowitz and Modern Portfolio Theory Modern Portfolio Theory has come up a practical model for the measurement of the various trends affecting the portfolio market. As a body of concepts and tools, it is concerned with the identification of markets that have high return potential and those which have a heavy risk factor, so as to help the investor choose more wisely. At the same time, the modern portfolio theory also brings us face to face with the fact that it is equally concerned with varying combinations of assets to zero in on the favourable markets and customers. (Markowitz, 1952) Born in the year 1952, the modern portfolio theory was the brainchild of Harry Markowitz who recognised the need for a certain set of parameters within which the obvious diversification trends may be

Abridged Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abridged Literature Review - Essay Example The examination of controlled substances is one of the fundamental tasks of forensic science in order to verify the presence of substances which are either regulated or prohibited by law. A forensic laboratory which performs such function is variously called as drug section, forensic chemistry laboratory, narcotic analysis laboratory and many more. Analysis of controlled substances involves either a botanical or chemical examination using a different series of tests. Botanical examination deals with identification of physical characteristics of controlled substances, while chemical examinations utilize wet chemicals and/or instruments to achieve identification of controlled substances. Recent advances in this field includes utilization of cyanoacrylate fuming to facilitate visual detection of controlled substances in the fingerprint through the Raman spectra, chromatographic techniques in the detection and subsequent examination of psychoactive drugs (Day, Edwards, Dobrowski and Voice, 2004; . Fitsev, Blokhin and Budnikov, 2004). Ginzburg (in Joseph, 2001) maintained that fingerprinting is the best available system of identifying people in the late nineteenth century. Until this day and age, even with the emergence of other identification techniques, fingerprinting remains a useful and significant identity verifier. The influx of computer technology offered excellent support to fingerprinting whether for identification or forensic purposes. Several studies revealed significant progress in the development of fingerprinting in forensic science, such as the development of an enhanced minutiae-extraction algorithm for an automatic identity-authentication system and a scalable multimedia fingerprinting forensics (Jain, Lin, Pankanti and Bolle, 1997; Lin, Zhao and Ray Liu, 2006). However, Saks and Koehler (2007) believe that legal and

Analyze the significance of professional certification Essay

Analyze the significance of professional certification - Essay Example Florence Nightingale was the first nurse to record graduates for her nursing school. Licensure examinations are necessary as they are the measure of competency. To ensure public safety, â€Å"the international council of nurses passed a resolution that required each state to establish licensure and examination procedure for nurses† (Catalano p.41).Licensure is the major requirement for practicing nurses. It is mainly a state controlled activity that enforces powers to its regulatory board to protect public health, safety and welfare by enacting professional standards. There are some nursing organizations like National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission that accredits the nursing schools and it also ensures the standard of nursing teachings and practice. Another organization called American Nursing Association ensures, â€Å"certain standard yardsticks against which nurses are measured and are held accountable by courts of law† (Catalano 2005, p.48). The ANA also establishes the official code of ethics for professional practice. Nurses play significant role in the evolvement of health care system. They are Primary care providers. Initiation of Licensure and Certification would thus help in upgrading the level of care provided by the nurses. References . Catalano, T. Joseph (2005).

Prose Study Coursework Essay Example for Free

Prose Study Coursework Essay In chapters 13 and 14 of the novel Treasure Island, through use of different literary techniques such as animal imagery, similes, metaphors, assonance and many more, Stevenson achieves a sense of foreboding as to what will happen later in the novel, dropping hints here and there. These chapters are important because the crew of the Hispaniola, including Lon John Silver and Jim Hawkins, have just landed on the island, and are about to set off in search off the buried treasure. We can even get a sense of foreboding from the island itself as it is seen to be gloomy and mysterious, and this does not bode well for the adventure ahead. We can find foreboding through the authors use of similes and metaphors in the chapters. Spires of naked rock, is a way of saying the rocks are very tall and imposing, as well as exposed. This is scary as just reading the exerpt creates a dark atmosphere, and it paves the way for the future of the novel. This is achieved by use of dark colours, and naked implies that after Jim has escaped there is nowhere that he can hide, because everyone can see everything. This creates the effect on the reader of sadness, as they really feel for Jim, as he is trapped on the island with those monsters. Jim also gives away hints towards the future events of Treasure Island when he says my heart sank when he realises what he has done in sneaking ashore with the pirates away from people he knows he can trust and this shows his disappointment. Jims downbeat mood portrays a bad effect to the reader, and they start to feel for Jim, as bad things obviously loom later in the novel, for instance, the planned mutiny of Long John Silver, and how if successful, Jim and his comrades will be doomed, and Jims capture by the pirates. The quotation hung over the anchorage is used to create a bad air and produce fearful images in your mind. Foreboding is shown because there is obviously a bad atmosphere on board, symbolising the planned mutiny of Long John Silver, and the good hands on board are of course fretting over what to do. Clouds of birds conveys to the reader the image of a deep mass of birds, and when there is a lot of something, especially animals that are making lots of noise, can strike fear in to people. This can give us an insight into what may happen later because birds are good at sensing danger, and quickly fly away if anything unsettles them. If they are very disturbed and are hanging over the ship, then surely the mutiny must be destined to happen, and the crew must have to face the wrath of Long John Silver. Through animal imagery we can get a sense of fear such as crawling on all fours when Jim is near Long John Silver and he is crouching when he has run away from Silver and does not want to be seen. This shows us what may happen later in the novel because it shows Jim is scared of Long John Silver and Silver is not really a very good person, and is planning bad things later in the novel. Agile as a monkey when used to describe Silver is showing him in a bad light, because he is deceiving everyone by hobbling around everywhere with his wooden leg, however, when he is out of view of the captain he is very quick and has lots of agility, which shows appearances can be deceptive and this confirms to us that he is planning a mutiny and other evil activities on the return leg of the journey, behind the other crew members backs. We can also get a sense of foreboding by one of the good mens reactions when he is faced with Silver and does not to be involved in the mutiny. Like a horse at the spur shows the unconverted crew member faced with Long John is very startled by the scream, and he immediately suspects Long John Silver and wants to get away because he knows Long John is starting the process of whittling down the numbers of good men on board to make the future mutiny much easier. Through the quotation crouching trees, when Jim is lost in the woods, we get a sense that Jim is trapped and is enclosed by the trees which seem alive, which is a good example of personification. This creates a sense of what may happen in the future as everything so far has had a bad feeling about it, and it can only be a matter of time before something happens. Would not the first of them who saw me wring my neck like a snipes? Fear is created by the rhetorical question and the use of animal imagery, and we feel a sense of sorrow for Jims dire situation. It gives us a premonition that later in the novel if the pirates catch Jim he will be killed straight away. We can decipher what will happen in the immediate future of the novel when Stevenson says Silverwas watching his companion like a snake about to spring. This shows Silver is a conniving, cunning creature, which will do anything to get the treasure, even kill one of his own. As well as this, in the bible, snakes are seen as evil, such as in the Garden of Eden, and people were very religious back then. Also, we now know that Tom will be killed sooner rather than later because snakes dont waste time, and once they have their target, they rarely fail, so this is a clever way of Robert Louis Stevenson building up to Long John Silver committing the murder. Fear imagery can be created using powerful adjectives and can also give us a strong sense of foreboding, through colours used, and words commonly associated with fear. In grey melancholy woods, and wild stone spires, the words grey and melancholy are commonly associated with apprehension, and we get a view to future events because the island in the readers mind is terrifying and forbidding, and Jim has to endure this to escape capture, however, bad images are everywhere, provoking the reader to imagine terrible things happening to Jim on the isle, such as his eventual capture by the pirates, and his life threatening encounter with Israel Hands, in which, he is just successful. Through the citation the outline of the Spy-glass trembled through the haze, we get fear from trembled, because not only is it an imposing land mass, it also is surrounded by a mist, and appears to move. Jim knows he must pass close to this monster of a mountain if he is to succeed on his quest, and it means he has the evil, obsessed pirates on one side, and a sinister peak in front, he is certain to encounter them on his travels, and the chances are, face the consequences. Then one horrid, long-drawn scream is an example of fear imagery because you can imagine a high pitched scream, and the reader sees him or herself in Jims position, alone on a desert island, and is also scared. The assonance of the oo and a slows down the action and gets us to feel and imagine the scream. This shows foreboding because the allies of Jims and his alliance are being whittled down, and in the future there will be only a few remaining. The novel can also show us the imminent events through the use of assonance and consonance. Assonance (the repetition of vowels) is given in should I dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? The way the o sound is repeated many times, and how the sentence flows off the tongue, gives a constant reminder throughout the sentence of the fear that Jim faces, and the decisions he is required to make. In the future, does Jim return to the pirates in hope of a return to the ship, but face Silvers wrath, or does he journey on into the centre of the island in hope of survival, and we know that in the end, the hero Jim ends up in both of these positions, but the reader does not know this and is left guessing. To demonstrate the use of assonance, the sentence what if I returned to the boats and the fiends, still shadowed by their crimes is nowhere near as effective, and creates only a pinch of the fear found in Stevensons actual work. Assonance is also fou nd in a very obvious place. The o sound is repeated in Long John, which is terrifying, as we know he is a main character who is also very evil, and it will be a constant reminder through the future of the novel as to his plans and his traits and the threat he poses. Consonance (the repetition of consonants) can also be found frequently in chapters 13 and 14 and can show us foreboding. In only the rustle of the redescending birds and the boom of the distant surges disturbed the languor of the afternoon, the repetition of r gives the section of text a fear effect along with the good adjectives, because overall, it is speeded up, and creates more of a fast paced action. Also, the atmosphere is affected by the use of onomatopoeia in rustle and boom. Again, an insight is achieved as through the use of effective adjectives and consonance, we see that not all is well on Skeleton Island. Skeleton Island itself suggests fear, as skeletons are a symbol of death and forbidding, and you would be wise to stay away from them. Combining fear adjectives with consonance is also found in a smell ofrotting tree trunks. The use of an ellipsis shows that Jim is thinking and he must recognise the smell from somewhere before. The repetition of r along with rotting creates a sense of fear of the trees, and this is also alliteration, and Jim and the reader begin to think that the island and everything on it must be similar to the experiences here. Through repetition, Stevenson achieves fear, and allows the reader to generate a better image in their mind, as well as emphasising his point further. Of all the gloomy features of that gloomy afternoon, is an example of this. When the author/Jim repeats gloomy, it repeats the fact that the place is gloomy, which is an adjective commonly associated with darkness and fear, so it is stressing that everything is not going well. There is also time left in the day, and other bad things may happen, for instance, Jim running into a trap set by Long John Silver, or the good side being forced out of the stockade by the pirates, and this could just be the beginning. As well as all these things, the repetitions also create a sense of dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½jà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ vu, and that people are going round in circles and they are lost, and all for the treasure, which is the main focus of the novel. Another literary technique that the author uses is alliteration. The sun still shining mercilessly. This is personification, and the consecutive letter s at the start of each word, along with an adjective that is connected with fear and evil created the illustration of the sun being evil, all seeing, and it seems to have deserted the good side, and just seems to be causing more heartache, as they lose the stockade, and the pirates get on the trail of the buried treasure. The overall theme of the chapters generates a sense of foreboding just by itself, because they are to do with pirates and a treasure hunt, and everyone knows that this kind of story is almost certain to have twists and turns later. I also think Jim how Jim goes off by himself into the forest shows he is developing from a boy into a brave young man. Through the use of colours in his writing, Stevenson also creates both a sense of fear and foreboding. Long John Silver is an example of this because Silver is a shade of grey, which is a colour associated with grim things and fear, and it shows foreboding because, if a person is named like this, he must be a character that is planning, or will partake in evil things at some point in the novel. The author also uses black I black conscience to describe Lon g John, as he can kill all these people, and not have them on his mind for the rest of his life, and not feel guilty. In conclusion, I think that the literary techniques used in chapters 13 and 14, are very effective in showing how, or giving hints as to how events may unfold in the latter stages of the novel, as they get closer to the treasure and the race hots up. As I have shown earlier I in my essay, Robert Louis Stevenson uses a great variety of different methods to get his points across, and he is very clever in using some techniques and how they foreshadow events easy to find, however, some you have to search for, and rack your brain to understand how they show foreboding, such as the use of assonance and alliteration. Example, should I dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? Yes, the excellent adjectives help create fear which in turn introduces foreboding, but I had to search for it. My final verdict is that Robert Louis Stevenson is an immensely clever writer, and the way he gets the reader to think is amazing, and through close language analysis, we can see that chapters 13 and 14 are very clear in predicting character development and how events will pan out in the novel.

Answers to Questions on Product and Service Design

Answers to Questions on Product and Service Design P7: Identify the key factors affecting the design of products or service of given organization and possible benefit to be gained from good design Factors Affecting Organizational Service Design Following are the factor mostly affecting the way an organization operates their services those are the following: Organization size The smaller the organization the lesser chance of a formal structure of that organization will be. Instead of following in small organization the individuals may simply perform tasks the way they want and whatever is required to them. There may be rules set by the firm just to provide guideline with the help of which members of organization can make decisions. As an organization develops, however, it becomes more difficult to manage the tasks without more formal structure of assigning tasks, or with delegating some of authorities to the lower hierarchy, and hence large firms produce specialized tasks and every work is done through proper guidelines and procedures. Organization life cycle Organizations tend to proceed and get progress through different stages which are called as a life cycle. Most firms go through the following stages: Birth: In this stage, a firm is just beginning their business operations. At this stage the firms hardly have a formal structure. We can not find much delegation of authority in the beginning stage of the firm. Youth: This is the phase in which firms try to grow the business. The focus of the firm in this stage is on becoming larger firm. The owner of the firm diverts its attention from satisfying his own wishes to satisfying wishes of the customers. During this phase there is a need for the firm to design more formal structure for operating their operations and some delegation of authority come into effect. Midlife: This is where the organization has achieved a fair level of success. A larger organization in this stage, have a more formal structure. The levels start increasing in their chain of command and the organization may find it to difficult to manage everything with control. Maturity: In this phase the organization reaches to maturity stage where their lack innovations and they are not usually interested in expanding their business. Their emphasis in this stage is more on increasing their profit and sustainability. Organizations in this phase are slowly moving toward decline and may feel the need to make necessary changes to revitalize. As firms tend to get bigger, the organizations experience more structural changes Strategy Strategy refers to a situation in which the way firm settle itself in the market place keeping in view their services or products. An organization may decide to be always the first to introduce the newest and best products in the market (differentiation of products strategy), or it will produce already established products in the market more cost effectively (cost-leadership strategy). Any of these strategies requires a structure that must fit the strategy. Environment The environment is the place in which the firm is operating, and the factors such economic conditions, social and cultural situation, law and order situation, technological position and natural environment condition influences the design of organizations Organization understand the demands of their customers very well in a more stable environment, and then firms try to satisfy those demands accordingly. That is the reason organization remains in the market for a long period of time. The customers demands keep changing in the opposite of stable environment and hence firms experience difficulty in satisfying them. In conclusion mechanistic organizational structure can be more beneficial for those operating in a more stable environment and hence this system increases the efficiency level of the organization which ultimately will improve their performance in the longer run. Technology Advancement in technology is the cause of change in the design of organizations because it helps organization in achieving higher efficiency level and help them in reducing their long term cost of production. The following are the form of latest technological production techniques: Batch Production Batch production is the process in which instead of manufacturing items individually, things are produced in batches. The manufacturing process takes place for each item at the same and batch of products or items are not shifted to another stage individually instead all batches are moved to the other stage of production when the each batch of items is completed. Mass Production Mass production is the process of manufacturing large amount of products in less time by utilizing time saving assembly. It helps a manufacturer to increase their worker per hour production and it also reduces the manufacturer labor costs of the final product. And then firms will be able to sell their products at lesser cost to attract more customers. Continuous Process Production In this system the manufacturers produce products by feeding the required raw materials continuously in a latest technological system. Such systems are operated by less labors, examples can be automated oil refineries and chemical factories. Advantages of a Good service or product designs: Firms can attract more customers by making more attracting products with good design and good services. Firms can better communicate with their customers through their good product or services designs. A good design makes a firms services or products more users friendly. It reduces the production costs of an organization and it enables them to gain better profit margin. As it reduces the costs of production therefore it helps an organization to gain competitive advantage over their rivals because they will be able to sell their services and products at lower price. Its objects are that Tasks should achieve all required outputs and be carried out at minimum cost in order to gain competitive advantage. P8: Explain the operational layout of the business/ department under consideration. Discuss the salient features of the layout? Operations Layout: The basic layout of an operation is usually determined by the choice of process organization. An efficient layout is one which minimizes total distance traveled by materials, customers or even staff. The frequency of journey should also be considered Features of the Layout: It enables higher utilization of space, materials and employees. It improves the flow of materials, information, and employees. It increase employees motivation levels and provide harmless working conditions. It improves customers interaction with the organization. It brings flexibility in the operations of the organization. Operations Layout of Pizza Hut: The layout of Pizza Hut is not that good in our point of view because an efficient layout must minimize total distance covered by the materials and customers. The ware house of Pizza Hut from where they get the raw materials of Pizzas is in Lahore which is far away from Peshawar and it takes time to reach Peshawar branch. The flow of information with their customers is very slow in a sense that when a customer call Pizza Hut toll free number for ordering Pizza, an operator sitting in Karachi takes their order who than later inform the Peshawar branch to deliver the pizza to a specific location. Usually it takes 50 mints to deliver Pizzas which is bad. The parking space outside the building is limited often than not customers face difficulties in finding space for their cars. The pollution coming out of their kitchen to the environment is limited but the pollution coming of their generators are not. Peshawar is still facing load shedding (Lack of electricity) as a result they get electricity for the dining hall and most importantly for running their machinery from huge generators which cause both noise and pollution. The Pizza Hut Peshawar branch is located far away from the most important place (Hayatabad) where most their potential customers are living and delivering Pizza to them also takes much time. M3: How does the operations layout of the firm influence performance of given organization. Mention its positive and negative influence? Operations Layout is all to do with the performance of any organization in this case Pizza Hut. A good layout will reduce their average total cost and can improve their well being among customers and vice versa. Every organization needs to set up their operations in such a way which can bring efficiency in their activities and help them in increasing their revenue and profits. Positive influences on Pizza Hut: If Pizza Hut reconsiders their Operations Layout and bring the required changes in it, it can have the following positive influences on their performance: A good operations layout will reduce the time usually taken by their raw material to reach Peshawar branch in this way they will be able for satisfy customers demands on time and they will not face material shortage due strikes, road blockage in other cities and hence their customers will be satisfied. If they improve their information system they will be able to receive customers order directly and they will be able to deliver Pizzas to their customers quickly than before this can bring efficiency in their activities and can improve their well being among customers. If they improve their parking space more customers will be able to park their cars at one time and hence more customers will visit Pizza Hut which ultimately will help them to get more revenue and profits. If they are some how able to control the pollution and noise than it will be considered as more environment friendly organization and it will help them in improving their well being and it will also help than to attract more customers and hence more revenue. All these points discussed above is the layout of Pizza Hut and if they able to improve their layout as discussed above it will have positive influences on their performance. Negative influences on Pizza Hut: If they continue their current Operations layout than it can have the following negative influences on their performance: The raw materials will take longer than required to reach Peshawar branch and it add more to their costs because the transport cost is expensive due to the recent raise in petrol and diesel prices. It can have negative influence on the delivery of Pizza to their customers because there is no direct operator line from Peshawar to the customers therefore it takes longer than required in delivering pizzas as a result customers can switch to nearby Pizza outlets to them like Arabian Chicks, Chief burger. Limited car parking space is the biggest constraint in attracting more customers therefore customers can have Pizzas from Chief Burger which has large parking area, ultimately it affects their performances. Lack of interaction between their customers and their staff can have adversely affects on the performance of Pizza Hut because staff will be demotivated and customers will feel they are not important to Pizza Hut. A bad layout will add more to the costs of production and affects the performance of Pizza Hut as a whole. D3: Propose operation layout for the given organization and discuss how it will be better for the organization. Before suggesting an efficient operation lay out , we would like to suggest certain points required to make an efficient Lay out only then Pizza Hut Peshawar will able to implement our suggested Lay out. Requirements for making a Good Layout: They need to understand the need of capacity and space requirements They need to select appropriate equipments for handling materials. They need to take proper decisions regarding environment and its improvement. They need to identify and understand the requirements for effective flow of informations. They need to identify the cost of moving between the many different work areas. Suggested Lay Out For Pizza Hut: Pizza Hutt Peshawar needs to get a ware house on rent in Peshawar and especially in a place near to the Peshawar branch. In this way they will be able to get raw materials in less time and they can store the remaining material back in the ware house. And they will be able to save much transport cost than before and they can use that money in improving their environment. They need to introduce an operator system in Peshawar as well who can receive the orders from the people of Peshawar and who have sufficient knowledge of the locations of Peshawar. In this way Pizza Hutt can receive orders quickly and then they will be able to deliver Pizzas in less time, it also improve their efficiency. They need to increase their parking space by contracting with army stadium officials regarding allowing their customers to park their cars there in this way more customers will come and their cars will be more safer. They need to control the pollution and noise coming out of their generator by making a separate covered place for their generator. They need to open new outlet in either university road where there biggest competitor chief burger is situated or in Hayat abad where there potential customers are living. This will help them in competing with their rivals and will also help them target their customers by either delivering them Pizzas in less time or by being easily accessible for those people. They need to improve their front desk for communication with their customers and handling their kitchen operations and for easy communication with their supporting staff (waiters, manager) to provide better services and environment for their customers. P9: Discuss the concept of job design, empowerment, and work measurement? Job Design: Work arrangement intended to reduce or overcome job unhappiness and lack of interest of employee resulting from boring and repetitive tasks. In job design, firms try to maximize productivity levels by providing non financial awards to their labor force such as increasing the challenge and responsibility of some employees work. Other techniques used in Job design are Job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation which can be defined as: Job Enlargement: Job design technique in which the number of tasks attached with a job is increased (and provided an appropriate training) to add greater diversity to activities, thus reducing repetitiveness. Job Enrichment: In this organizations increase the number of tasks executed by their employees as well as they increase their responsibilities in order to make their work more challenging and interesting. Job Rotation: Job Rotation means employees are moved between two or more jobs in a designed way. The objective is to make the employees to face different experiences to increase job satisfaction. Empowerment: Empowerment is a concept which Involves delegating some authority to the process operators. In empowerment every individual team member must throw in to the business. In empowerment the lower most layers of management become unnecessary. Empowerment give chance of greater responsiveness lower employees do not have to acquire management consent for making some decision themselves.. It helps in Continuous improvement of the organization as employees will feel motivated and they will work all together for the success of the business. It helps organization to reduce the number of employee absenteeism. It gives greater motivation and flexibility to the employees. Work Measurement: Work Measurement is a method which shows how much time a job or part of the job needs to take to complete their tasks. There are different techniques use to measure individual works. Method Study: Method study is based on the principle that improvement should always stem from existing practice. The proposed working methods are usually feasible. To ensure feasibility a five stage methodology is used: Select: The area of activity to be studied is selected. Record: The activity is recorded in detail to keep a sample of task performance. Examine: the record is carefully analyzed, usually through some form of chart. The objective is to seek out areas of improvement. Improved procedures are developed out of analysis. These are then tested. Install: Revised procedures are installed. Manuals are written, staff is trained, new plant is obtained and installed and workplace layout is revised. Maintain: Problems can arise from changes. A presence is required to ensure that problems are dealt with promptly. P-10: Analyze the market of organization and select a capacity planning for the organization (nature of demand supply, volume variety, planning controlling) Outcome 4 Demand Supply The manager, prior to develop any plans for the food ordering, they observes the forecast of sales and expected upcoming events in the calendar. According to the Manager, they are placing order twice a month (15th 31st of every month). The unexpected orders can cause more demand of the product where as the availability of the ready to use product may be limited according to the expected demand for the shift. Therefore the variance in expected demand and actual demand can cause the shortage of the products and ultimately this can play around the one of the possible factors of the unhappy customer and can cause the variance in the productivity of the unit as over all. The demand can also increase because of the good weather, special occasions like sports, rituals, festivals, and purchasing power. According to the Manager of the unit, the demand for the food is high in the start of the month but that usually slow down in the end of the month due to the less availability of the funds with customers. Planning Controlling The operations at Pizza hut can not be highlighted for any of the single functional unit. Rather it is the collection of several set of the activities that take place with in the unit and make things possible by turning customer expectations into the reality. The success or the failure of the product depends on the performance of several functional units. Those functional units operate separately but connected with each other through the job activities. The preparations is the process of getting things ready, that will help to carry the out the operations in store. This involves activities like defrosting of dough, starters and cheese. So that can be used for the next day operations. If preparations for the following day operations is not up to the mark then that will cause difficulty or shortages of items that are necessary for the conversion process. The preparation is done on the basis of the next business day forecast. If the forecasted goods will not be made ready for the next day operations that will be virtually difficult for the next day shift manager to carry out the business operations. P-11: Identify different approaches of quality control used by company. Quality Control is a method of regular technical activities to measure as well as control the quality of the inventory as it is being developed so the Quality Control method is designed toward: Provide regular moreover consistent checks to guarantee data integrity, correctness along with fullness Identify and concentrate on errors as well as omissions Document and files inventory material and record all Quality Control activities. In order to maintain the product quality up to the standard, that is very important to follow the set rules for the product shelf life. Different ingredients used in the pizza making process, carry different shelf life. The taste and the quality highly determine on the freshness of the ingredients, and the resultant the happiness of the customers. According to the Manager of Pizza hut, If, there is variance observed in the product quality that will overall affect productivity and finally the customer satisfaction level so this is not acceptable at all. He added, if company is spending a huge amount of money on the product promotions and marketing activities that is for the business. And also company provides the training to the employee to how to maintain the product quality. So every single person should have to ensure the quality of the product and happy customer makes more return in the future. Total Quality Management (TQM) This is the key factor for a food chain like Pizza Hut. All the employees are at the back of the house i.e. the kitchen assistants are trained for that reason. They are given extra lessons to meet the quality standards set by Pizza Hut around the world. This strategy is essential in order to satisfy the CHAMPS (Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product, and Speed). This strategy is severely implemented in Pizza Hut in order to execute the quality standards. Different quality management team is also there at Pizza Hut. The shift managers have the charge to monitor whether the quality standards are met or not while there are a total quality management department at the main office in Karachi. This department has the duty to implement quality standards and also to know whether they are achieved or not. Moreover there are personnel by name of CR Specialist (fully trained employee for quality control), they are visiting Pizza Hut Peshawar once in a month, they just come inside the outlet just like a customer, and first of all he/she observes everything like from entering into Pizza Hut until the end when he ends up with Pizza. If he/she finds any drawback in any of activity then he/she will complain to the Head Office. P-12: Discuss various method of inventory planning. (Generally) Inventory Inventory in general refers to the materials in reserve. It is also called the idle resource of a firm. Inventories characterize those items which are either stocked for sale or else they are in the process of manufacturing otherwise they are in the form of materials which are nevertheless to be utilized. The intermission between receiving the purchased parts furthermore transforming them into final products vary from industry to industry depending upon the cycle time of manufacturer. Therefore it is necessary to hold inventories of different kinds to act as a buffer between supply and demand for competent operation of the organization. Hence a valuable control on inventory is a necessity for smooth and efficient operation of the production cycle with slightest interruptions. Inventory Control Inventory control is a designed approach of determining what to order, when to order, how much to order and also how much to stock consequently that costs associated with buying and storing are finest without interrupting production and sales well inventory control basically deals with two problems: When an order should is placed? (Order level) How much should be ordered? (Order quantity) These questions are answered by the employ of inventory models. The systematic inventory control method strikes the sense of balance between the loss due to non-availability of an item plus cost of carrying the stock of an item. Systematic inventory control aims at maintaining best possible level of stock of goods required by the business at minimum cost to the business. Objectives of Inventory Control To make sure adequate supply of products to customer moreover avoids shortages as far as achievable. To ensure that the financial investment in inventories is smallest amount (i.e. to see that the working capital is fruitless to the minimum possible degree). Well-organized purchasing, storing, utilization and accounting for materials are an important goal. To keep timely record of inventories of all the items plus to maintain the stock within the preferred limits. To make sure timely action for refill. To make available a reserve stock for variations in direct times of delivery of materials. To present a scientific base for both short-term as well as long-term planning of materials. Inventory Control Methods ABC analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on annual consumption moreover the annual value of the items. Thus we get the quantity of inventory item consumed throughout the year and multiply it by unit cost to get annual usage charge. The items are then set in the descending order of such annual usage cost. The study is carried out by drawing a graph based on the cumulative number of items and cumulative usage of consumption cost HML analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on unit price of the items. They are classified as high and medium price respectively and low cost items. VED analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on criticality of the items. They are classified as vital, essential and desirable items as a result it is mainly used in spare parts inventory. FSN analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based consumption of the items. They are classified as fast moving, slow moving and non-moving items. SDE analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on the items. GOLF analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on sources of the items. They are classified as Government supply, normally available, local accessibility and foreign source of supply items. SOS analysis: In this study the categorization of existing inventory is based on nature of supply of items. They are classified like seasonal and off-seasonal items. For effective inventory control, combination of the techniques of ABC with VED or ABC with HML or VED with HML analysis is practically used. M-4: Explain the inventory planning of given organization (stock control method inventory control, cost benefit inventory control, supply chain management). Stock Control Method Inventory Control The manager, prior to develop any plans for the food ordering, they observes the forecast of sales and expected upcoming events in the calendar. According to the Manager, they are placing order twice a month (15th 31st of every month) well they are using two different freezers for carrying out their raw material. According to the Manager, he stated that they are using two types of freezers one is cold freezer and another one is dry freezer and temperature for both of them set accordingly. Cost Benefit Inventory Control The cost of sales and the sales revenue are the actual things that support the managers to run the business on track. If the numbers seems going out of the track they need be highlighted and called as variance. The variance is the difference between the Actual cost and Theoretical Cost. Head office set forecast and provide targets to the business stores. The targets are set with the help of previous year business performance and the expected events. That is called as theoretical cost. On the other hand the cost occurred in the business dates is the actual cost. So if there is any difference occurs that will be treating as variance. The cost of sales of the store for the current period shows the variance of 36.38 The theoretical cost set by management was RS/-297407.7 and in percentage 22.46% where as the actual cost for the period occurred was RS/302346 in percentage 22.83%. The results indicate the variance remained RS/4911.3. The variance in costing is the actual indicator of the performance. Higher the variance depicts higher the concerns persist with in the business unit. In present case in hand, the above depicted variance treated to be normal. The business operations can not work on the absolute set tracks because the forecasted things can not happen on the absolute behaviors as predicted. Supply Chain drivers of Pizza Hut Supply chain management is the factor that differentiates the winners and the losers in this business, drivers play an important role in terms of the responsiveness and efficiency. We must examine the cross-functional and logistical drivers of supply chain performance: transportation, sourcing and pizza and logistics. Transportation To deliver the base from the commissioners to different outlets the use the refrigerated trucks in which the base is kept and there is a control of temperature which they set according to the distance between the commissionaire and the outlets. There are 70 trucks to supply the base across Pakistan. There is also a vacant space in which extra base is kept to fill the demand of a particular store. The company will not acquire any additional transportation costs so long as the counters are along the highway or the trucks way. In this way they use their transportation and maintain their efficiency. Sourcing The Pepporine mozzarella cheese is imported from Australia and Spain respectively so it will take time an increased the cost also so they have to manage but on the other hand to compensate the increased cost they maintain the local supply chain to reduce the cost like vegetables, wheat, tomatoes are imported from Pakistan so they provide the world class facility and taste may importing its main ingredient from spain and Australia but other ingredients from local vendors. Pizza and logistics It is incorrect to conclude that successively a pizza chain is easy by looking its front-end operations compared to the complexities involved in organizing a supply chain the promise of pizza delivery within 30 minutes or else offering it free is a childs play for pizza chains. Supply chain management is the factor that differentiates the winners and losers in this business. The major imports for Pizza are cheese and olive oil. Pizza imported potatoes land at ports in Karachi or the Karachi airport. The consignment is then transported to other parts of the country while cheese is imported from New Zealand and chicken or bread is sourced locally. The inputs sourced from different places are supplied to the commissaries in reefers/refrigerated trucks for process as well as production of base material. The pizza dough as well as other items prepared in commissaries is then sent to the retail outlets again in reefers. Based on the distance between the retail outlets and the commissaries, the temperature inside the trucks is fixed so as to set the dough to a required level when it reaches the outlets. According to manager retail outlets have to exhaust the processed dough within three days of delivery. However, due to some reason if they fail to do so, the entire quantity is discarded. The existing commissaries and the reefers will be put to optimum use as Dominos Karachi is now opening counters in Pakistan State Oil Corporations petrol bunks. The company will not acquire any additional transportation costs so long as the counters are the highway or the trucks way. Responsiveness and Effic

The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver :: Information Theory Research Report

The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver For my research report, I read The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. This book is an in-depth description of their theory. While I will focus mostly on Weaver's translation and application of information, I will also touch on the theory's core ideas as explained by Shannon. The information theory is the extentsion of Nyquist's and Hartley's origingal ideas on the subject. However, Claude Shannon includes new factors such as "the effect of noise in the channel, and savings possible due to statistical structure of the original message and due to the nature of the final destination of information." Shannon's ideas were based on the fundamental problem in communication, which he described as the "difficulty of reproducing at one point the message selected at another point." The most significant aspect is that the actual message sent is one "selected from a set" of possible messages. A system had to be formed to work for each possible selection. Shannon also constructed the Linear Model of Communication. It is rare to see a communication text book that doesn't include this model, or a model that is based on this one. However, modifications had to be made because Shannon and Weaver both overlooked the importance of feedback. Warren Weaver helps us understand Shannon's complex theory by explaining it in layman's terms. Weaver uses the word "communication" in a broad sense to incorporate all the different ways one person's mind could affect another. Basically, it encompasses all human behavior. Weaver simplistically describes the three levels of communication problems. The first level, Level A, is the technical problem. The technical problems deal with the transfer of sets of signals from sender to sender. These sets of signals could be as simple as written speech or as complex as telephone or television transmission. The second level (Level B) is concerned with the understanding and interpretation of the meaning by the receiver when compared with the intended meaning of the sender. Level B is referred to as semantics problems. Level C, the effectiveness problems, is the final communication problem. It is concerned with how well the meaning is conveyed to the receiver. Weaver goes on to describe numerous problems within each of the previous three. One of the major problems in each of these categories was that of entropy. Entropy may be simply defined as randomness.

Black And White Women Of The Old South Essay -- essays research papers

Minrose Gwin‘s book, Black and White Women of the Old South, argues that history has problems with objectiveness. Her book brings to life interesting interpretations on the view of the women of the old south and chattel slavery in historical American fiction and autobiography. Gwin’s main arguments discussed how the white women of the south in no way wanted to display any kind of compassion for a fellow woman of African descent. Gwin described the "sisterhood" between black and white women as a "violent connection"(pg 4). Not only that, Gwin’s book discusses the idea that for most of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, a black woman usually got subjected to displacement of sexual and mental frustration of white women. Gwin discusses how these black women, because of the sexual and mental abuse, felt looked down on more by whites and therefore reduced to even a lower level than that of white women‘s status of being a woman. . A southern white female slave owner only saw black women as another slave, or worse. White women needed to do this in order to keep themselves from feeling that they were of higher status than every one else except for their husband. White women as, Gwin describes, always proved that they had complete control and black women needed to bow to them. Gwin’s book discusses that the white male slave owners brought this onto the black women on the plantation. They would rape black women, and then instead of the white women dealing with their husbands. They would go after the black women only since the wives had no power over the husbands, but they maintained total control of the slaves, the white women would attack the black women and make their lives very diffucult. The white women would make sure that the black women understood that the white women completely hated the black women for being raped and wanted only pain for the them. This is how the black women of that time got t he stereotypes of being very sexual beings and hated by there oppressors. You can see evidence of this when Gwin discussed the realities of such hatred in the book Absalom, Absalom by William Faulkner. The main character, Clytie, sexual assaults by her male master upsets her because she doesn’t desire to be involved with him, but her female master feels that she should be punished for it. So the white female slave owner... ...man keeps her from ever getting past the dark skin, and makes the white women feel more like the Africans were more of an animal then an actual person. The white women always feels that the slave must understand that the man may rank higher than her but even if her husband wants to mess around then fault goes to the slave not the husbands. And the slave will never be to her level, because the black slave will never be a lady. And in the book you can see how the white women lost there power in the house and that their system of life that they received didn’t prove to work out anymore for them so they had to attempt to adjust to a way life took would take them. I feel that Gwin argues that the main reason for the confrontations for the struggle of power became evident in that it had gotten to point that certain black women would not let their own female owners hit them. This is an example of how not only how the whites women challenged the system, but also how the slave women started to make changes in how they willed to be treated. Bibliographical citation Gwin, Minrose. Black And White Women Of The Old South. Knoxville: Tennessee Press, 1985.

Hamlet vs Othello

How the protagonists deal with their difficulties: Hamlet vs Othello In William Shakespeare Hamlet and Othello, the author creates two similar yet vastly different protagonists. The major source of contrast lies within each characters approach to decision making and premeditated action. As David Nichol Smith puts it, Hamlet â€Å"is not a character marked by strength of will or even passion, but by refinement of thought and sentiment. †(Smith 288) This very refinement of thought is what characterizes both Hamlet’s indecision and forces him to act when he renounces indecision. In contrast Everything about Othello’s mind, on the contrary, is direct, healthy, objective; with an openness and docility of childhood he loses himself in external things; his thoughts are occupied with objects, not with themselves and he reproduces in smooth transparent diction the truth as revealed to him from without; his mind, in short is like a clear even mirror which, invisible itself renders back in its exact shape and colour whatever stands before it; so that we get from him not so much his impressions of things as the things themselves that impress him. Hudson 316-317) This child-like and gullible thought process unveils to us the true nature of Othello, the expert at war but the novice at life, who like a mirror believes and acts on the will and impressions of others rather than contemplate both the true reality of things and the people who speak against them. These distinctions allow the reader to see that â€Å"in Hamlet grace and reason are jangles. In Othello t he mildness that complements a soldier’s courage is baffled. †(Howarth 14) Here is the essence in the difference between Hamlet and Othello. Hamlet makes his decision through prolonged self reflection that continues to the point where action is never done in an expedient faction, while Othello makes his decision through the ideas given to him by others which leads to rash, emotionally charged action. These differences in decision making can be seen through the different difficulties that each protagonist faces with their lovers, friends, and antagonist. In both literary works, the protagonist falls in love with the daughters of two politicians. Both fathers have the power to influence the fate of the main characters. Unfortunately, the fathers are very protective of their daughters and also have a formal relationship with the protagonist which causes them to interfere with the young lovers. Upon finding out about his daughter’s relationship with Hamlet, Polonius informs King Claudius in hopes of creating a better position in the court. Hamlet discovers Polonius’ plot to use their relationship as a means to obtain a higher position with the King, thus suspects Ophelia of being untrue in her love and devotion for him therefore ending said relationship. Without knowing so, Polonius has interfered in their relationship. In Othello’s case, Barbantio interferes by warning Othello of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness by foreshadowing, â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee. † (Shakespeare 50) Like Polonius, Barbantio has also indirectly interfered with the new lover’s relationship serving as reinforcement to Iago’s later deception. In contrast, the protagonists deal with the fathers in different ways. Hamlet sees Polonius as a selfish and ignoramus, Othello, to a certain extent, respects Barbantio because of his seniority and service to the state. When dealing with Polonius, Hamlet drives a rapier through a curtain and kills the old statesman without remorse. This is one instance when we see Hamlet act uncharacteristically by using force rather than rational thought. In contrast we see Othello have the same change from normal action as he uses calm reason and his words to deal with Barbantio and not his usual rash, emotional, and physical action that characterizes him later in the piece. So in this case we see both protagonists acting differently from both their natural character and from each other. This shows that both characters are capable of acting outside of their perceived personalities to deal with people of seniority that are so close to their lovers and have such a profound effect on their love. Both protagonists have friends whose loyalties are questioned in the plays. For Hamlet, his friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, return from university upon the request of King Claudius. While for Othello, his second in command, and best friend Cassio is accused of infidelity with Desdemona. For both plays, the friends are originally perceived by the protagonist as trustworthy and loyal but the events of the play reveal otherwise. This deception causes the protagonists to question their allegiances. Hamlet maintains his application of trust and thought and reason by keeping his friends in a state of ignorance to his true motives. While Othello, instead, acts rashly, inflamed with the fury of his passion and committed to the death of his once loyal friend. Othello stays true to his character while we see Hamlet’s progressing willingness to violence over rational thought while sentencing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their death. In both cases we see the protagonists unwillingness to commit these acts of violence themselves and feel contempt to delegate these extremely actions to others. Love is a fickle thing. William Shakespeare holds true to this statement in both plays as both protagonists struggle to maintain their relationship with their lovers. Both Hamlet and Othello are considered to be tragic heroes, in which their actions and decisions lead to their eventual downfall. In this case, their decisions have led to the inevitable deaths of both Ophelia and Desdemona. Upon discovering the daunting task of avenging his father, Hamlet has deemed â€Å"the garden of his own life having now become a desert† (Hudson 95) in which he refuses to entangle Ophelia. He had established a trusting relationship with Ophelia up until the point where Polonius intrudes and breaks the final bond between them. Thus, Hamlet distances himself, isolating Ophelia and treating her crudely, as a means to cope with the loss of the love of his life. Hamlet is left to give up Ophelia because he â€Å"sees no escape for himself†(Hudson 95) and thus refuses to place her into the same desert of a life he lives. In a sense, Hamlet treats Ophelia â€Å"rudely and unkindly in order to save her† (Hudson 111). The series of events eventually leads to Ophelia’s delusional perception of reality upon losing Hamlet and her unavoidable death. Othello, on the other hand, takes a more drastic route. After hearing of Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed affair, Othello decides to murder her for her infidelity instead of banisher her like she begged for. After Iago starts to spout lies about the affair, he asks Emilia to steal Desdemona’s scarf and it winds up in Cassio’s hands. Othello, after seeing this â€Å"proof† of infidelity, no longer has any doubts about the affair and Iago’s accusations. Therefore, Othello’s motive is revenge while Hamlet’s motive is protection. While we see the different ways in how each protagonist deals with characters of both minor consequence and characters as significant as lovers, one of the most revealing parts of both works is the protagonist’s dealings with the antagonist. For Hamlet this is the King Claudius and for Othello it is his 2nd man Iago. Hamlet from the beginning of the piece hates Claudius and sees him as his natural enemy because he is his father’s murderer. This has a deep contrast with Othello who from the first instances of the play sees Iago as a trustworthy friend. When dealing with Cladius, Hamlet does one thing throughout the entire piece; he thinks of what to do. For a major portion Hamlet only thinks and reflects on what action to take and takes action only in the instance when he has the players perform the Murder of Gonzago. Showing to a greater extent that Hamlet â€Å"is the prince of philosophical speculators and because he cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most refined idea his wish can form. He declines it altogether† (Smith 289-91). Othello during the entire play does nothing at all in respect to Iago other than trust him completely. This shows â€Å"Othello’s longing for passivity† which makes him only listen to Iago rather than confront both his wife and his lieutent. (Barthelemy 79-80) Aside from this difference in both the perception of the antagonist by the protagonist along with the type of action taken towards them, both plays are similar in that both Hamlet and Othello reach a turning point in which the way they deal with the difficulties the antagonist represents changes completely. For Hamlet this is the image of the soldiers of Norway going to war that is marked by his soliloquy in which he swears to have bloody thoughts (thoughts of action) or to not think at all. For Othello this is the realization of Iago’s deception when he has killed his wife in his home. Both protagonists take the same action, violence. While with Othello we see the opposite of what may be considered characteristic for a military leader, his nonfatal sounding of Iago shows that he wants him to suffer rather than to die an immediate death, much more thought out then his rash decision to kill his lieutenant. This is where Othello’s tragedy is â€Å"that he was unusually open to deception and, if once wrought to passion, likely to act with little reflection, with no delay, and in the most decisive manner conceivable† (Barthelemy 25), such as the murder of his wife. Hamlet also makes an uncharacteristic decision in the final part of the play. Hamlet grabs his sword and he drives it through Claudius as his last action before the poison in him takes his life. So in both plays the protagonist deal with the antagonist in the same way, with the use of violence. In conclusion, we see in either character the image of ourselves that helps us to understand better the ways in which each character deals with the difficulties set before him. In Othello, we see the general who is deceived coming to the realization of a betrayal that has taken what he loves the most from him. Here the reader can understand both the feeling of betrayal and loss that make Othello’s final action much more understandable and allows the reader to make their final opinions of the tragic fall of the Moor, an ending as dark as his flesh. With Hamlet, we see loss in a larger sense without the realization of betrayal, something known from the beginning of the piece. Hamlet not only loses his life or just as single betrayal but what comprises of his entire world comes to an end. In Hamlet, the reader sees the death of logic and reason that makes way for the primal action of violence that adds to a deeper meaning towards his change of character. Hamlet vs Othello How the protagonists deal with their difficulties: Hamlet vs Othello In William Shakespeare Hamlet and Othello, the author creates two similar yet vastly different protagonists. The major source of contrast lies within each characters approach to decision making and premeditated action. As David Nichol Smith puts it, Hamlet â€Å"is not a character marked by strength of will or even passion, but by refinement of thought and sentiment. †(Smith 288) This very refinement of thought is what characterizes both Hamlet’s indecision and forces him to act when he renounces indecision. In contrast Everything about Othello’s mind, on the contrary, is direct, healthy, objective; with an openness and docility of childhood he loses himself in external things; his thoughts are occupied with objects, not with themselves and he reproduces in smooth transparent diction the truth as revealed to him from without; his mind, in short is like a clear even mirror which, invisible itself renders back in its exact shape and colour whatever stands before it; so that we get from him not so much his impressions of things as the things themselves that impress him. Hudson 316-317) This child-like and gullible thought process unveils to us the true nature of Othello, the expert at war but the novice at life, who like a mirror believes and acts on the will and impressions of others rather than contemplate both the true reality of things and the people who speak against them. These distinctions allow the reader to see that â€Å"in Hamlet grace and reason are jangles. In Othello t he mildness that complements a soldier’s courage is baffled. †(Howarth 14) Here is the essence in the difference between Hamlet and Othello. Hamlet makes his decision through prolonged self reflection that continues to the point where action is never done in an expedient faction, while Othello makes his decision through the ideas given to him by others which leads to rash, emotionally charged action. These differences in decision making can be seen through the different difficulties that each protagonist faces with their lovers, friends, and antagonist. In both literary works, the protagonist falls in love with the daughters of two politicians. Both fathers have the power to influence the fate of the main characters. Unfortunately, the fathers are very protective of their daughters and also have a formal relationship with the protagonist which causes them to interfere with the young lovers. Upon finding out about his daughter’s relationship with Hamlet, Polonius informs King Claudius in hopes of creating a better position in the court. Hamlet discovers Polonius’ plot to use their relationship as a means to obtain a higher position with the King, thus suspects Ophelia of being untrue in her love and devotion for him therefore ending said relationship. Without knowing so, Polonius has interfered in their relationship. In Othello’s case, Barbantio interferes by warning Othello of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness by foreshadowing, â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee. † (Shakespeare 50) Like Polonius, Barbantio has also indirectly interfered with the new lover’s relationship serving as reinforcement to Iago’s later deception. In contrast, the protagonists deal with the fathers in different ways. Hamlet sees Polonius as a selfish and ignoramus, Othello, to a certain extent, respects Barbantio because of his seniority and service to the state. When dealing with Polonius, Hamlet drives a rapier through a curtain and kills the old statesman without remorse. This is one instance when we see Hamlet act uncharacteristically by using force rather than rational thought. In contrast we see Othello have the same change from normal action as he uses calm reason and his words to deal with Barbantio and not his usual rash, emotional, and physical action that characterizes him later in the piece. So in this case we see both protagonists acting differently from both their natural character and from each other. This shows that both characters are capable of acting outside of their perceived personalities to deal with people of seniority that are so close to their lovers and have such a profound effect on their love. Both protagonists have friends whose loyalties are questioned in the plays. For Hamlet, his friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, return from university upon the request of King Claudius. While for Othello, his second in command, and best friend Cassio is accused of infidelity with Desdemona. For both plays, the friends are originally perceived by the protagonist as trustworthy and loyal but the events of the play reveal otherwise. This deception causes the protagonists to question their allegiances. Hamlet maintains his application of trust and thought and reason by keeping his friends in a state of ignorance to his true motives. While Othello, instead, acts rashly, inflamed with the fury of his passion and committed to the death of his once loyal friend. Othello stays true to his character while we see Hamlet’s progressing willingness to violence over rational thought while sentencing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their death. In both cases we see the protagonists unwillingness to commit these acts of violence themselves and feel contempt to delegate these extremely actions to others. Love is a fickle thing. William Shakespeare holds true to this statement in both plays as both protagonists struggle to maintain their relationship with their lovers. Both Hamlet and Othello are considered to be tragic heroes, in which their actions and decisions lead to their eventual downfall. In this case, their decisions have led to the inevitable deaths of both Ophelia and Desdemona. Upon discovering the daunting task of avenging his father, Hamlet has deemed â€Å"the garden of his own life having now become a desert† (Hudson 95) in which he refuses to entangle Ophelia. He had established a trusting relationship with Ophelia up until the point where Polonius intrudes and breaks the final bond between them. Thus, Hamlet distances himself, isolating Ophelia and treating her crudely, as a means to cope with the loss of the love of his life. Hamlet is left to give up Ophelia because he â€Å"sees no escape for himself†(Hudson 95) and thus refuses to place her into the same desert of a life he lives. In a sense, Hamlet treats Ophelia â€Å"rudely and unkindly in order to save her† (Hudson 111). The series of events eventually leads to Ophelia’s delusional perception of reality upon losing Hamlet and her unavoidable death. Othello, on the other hand, takes a more drastic route. After hearing of Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed affair, Othello decides to murder her for her infidelity instead of banisher her like she begged for. After Iago starts to spout lies about the affair, he asks Emilia to steal Desdemona’s scarf and it winds up in Cassio’s hands. Othello, after seeing this â€Å"proof† of infidelity, no longer has any doubts about the affair and Iago’s accusations. Therefore, Othello’s motive is revenge while Hamlet’s motive is protection. While we see the different ways in how each protagonist deals with characters of both minor consequence and characters as significant as lovers, one of the most revealing parts of both works is the protagonist’s dealings with the antagonist. For Hamlet this is the King Claudius and for Othello it is his 2nd man Iago. Hamlet from the beginning of the piece hates Claudius and sees him as his natural enemy because he is his father’s murderer. This has a deep contrast with Othello who from the first instances of the play sees Iago as a trustworthy friend. When dealing with Cladius, Hamlet does one thing throughout the entire piece; he thinks of what to do. For a major portion Hamlet only thinks and reflects on what action to take and takes action only in the instance when he has the players perform the Murder of Gonzago. Showing to a greater extent that Hamlet â€Å"is the prince of philosophical speculators and because he cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most refined idea his wish can form. He declines it altogether† (Smith 289-91). Othello during the entire play does nothing at all in respect to Iago other than trust him completely. This shows â€Å"Othello’s longing for passivity† which makes him only listen to Iago rather than confront both his wife and his lieutent. (Barthelemy 79-80) Aside from this difference in both the perception of the antagonist by the protagonist along with the type of action taken towards them, both plays are similar in that both Hamlet and Othello reach a turning point in which the way they deal with the difficulties the antagonist represents changes completely. For Hamlet this is the image of the soldiers of Norway going to war that is marked by his soliloquy in which he swears to have bloody thoughts (thoughts of action) or to not think at all. For Othello this is the realization of Iago’s deception when he has killed his wife in his home. Both protagonists take the same action, violence. While with Othello we see the opposite of what may be considered characteristic for a military leader, his nonfatal sounding of Iago shows that he wants him to suffer rather than to die an immediate death, much more thought out then his rash decision to kill his lieutenant. This is where Othello’s tragedy is â€Å"that he was unusually open to deception and, if once wrought to passion, likely to act with little reflection, with no delay, and in the most decisive manner conceivable† (Barthelemy 25), such as the murder of his wife. Hamlet also makes an uncharacteristic decision in the final part of the play. Hamlet grabs his sword and he drives it through Claudius as his last action before the poison in him takes his life. So in both plays the protagonist deal with the antagonist in the same way, with the use of violence. In conclusion, we see in either character the image of ourselves that helps us to understand better the ways in which each character deals with the difficulties set before him. In Othello, we see the general who is deceived coming to the realization of a betrayal that has taken what he loves the most from him. Here the reader can understand both the feeling of betrayal and loss that make Othello’s final action much more understandable and allows the reader to make their final opinions of the tragic fall of the Moor, an ending as dark as his flesh. With Hamlet, we see loss in a larger sense without the realization of betrayal, something known from the beginning of the piece. Hamlet not only loses his life or just as single betrayal but what comprises of his entire world comes to an end. In Hamlet, the reader sees the death of logic and reason that makes way for the primal action of violence that adds to a deeper meaning towards his change of character.